{"id":3020,"date":"2023-11-17T12:06:50","date_gmt":"2023-11-17T12:06:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/springerhealthcare.nl\/france\/?p=3020"},"modified":"2023-11-20T12:11:06","modified_gmt":"2023-11-20T12:11:06","slug":"scientists-discover-first-ever-vampire-virus-latched-to-neck-of-mindflayer","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/springerhealthplus.nl\/shmigrate\/scientists-discover-first-ever-vampire-virus-latched-to-neck-of-mindflayer\/","title":{"rendered":"Scientists Discover First-Ever Vampire Virus Latched to Neck of \u2018MindFlayer\u2019"},"content":{"rendered":"

[vc_row full_width=”stretch_row” content_placement=”middle” css=”.vc_custom_1663187695627{padding-bottom: 37px !important;background-image: url(http:\/\/springerhealthcare.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2022\/09\/science_connect_back.png?id=2486) !important;background-position: center !important;background-repeat: no-repeat !important;background-size: cover !important;}” el_class=”sciencetitle”][vc_column][vc_custom_heading text=”Science Connect” font_container=”tag:h2|text_align:left|color:%23ffffff” use_theme_fonts=”yes” link=”url:https%3A%2F%2Fspringerhealthcare.nl%2Ffrance%2Fscience-connect-november-2023%2F”][vc_column_text css=”.vc_custom_1663186747780{margin-bottom: 40px !important;}”]A Springer Healthcare Initiative For Pharma Professionals<\/span>[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]NOVEMBER 2023
\n<\/span>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css=”.vc_custom_1538651642953{padding-top: 75px !important;}”][vc_column width=”3\/4″ css=”.vc_custom_1538657061395{border-right-width: 1px !important;padding-top: 0px !important;border-right-color: #8faec1 !important;border-right-style: solid !important;}”][vc_custom_heading source=”post_title” font_container=”tag:h1|font_size:40px|text_align:left|line_height:60px” google_fonts=”font_family:Merriweather%3Aregular%2Citalic|font_style:700%20regular%3A700%3Anormal” el_class=”title” css=”.vc_custom_1664358136969{margin-bottom: 30px !important;}”][vc_column_text el_class=”intro-box”]By THE CONVERSATION & IVAN ERILL<\/span>[\/vc_column_text]

\"scientists-discover-first-ever-vampire-virus-latched-to-neck-of-mindflayer\" <\/div> <\/div>[vc_column_text css=”.vc_custom_1689357004274{margin-bottom: 30px !important;}” el_class=”sc-img-caption”]This colorized transmission electron microscope image shows a newly discovered satellite virus latched onto its helper virus. This research represents the first time scientists have observed one virus attached to another. Out of 50 observed helpers, 40 had a satellite bound. Bioinformatic analysis of the satellite and helper viruses\u2019 genomes provides clues as to why the satellite may have evolved to attach to the helper, and suggests this pair may have been co-evolving for about 100 million years. Credit: Tagide deCarvalho (CC BY-NC-ND)[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]

Have you ever wondered whether the virus that gave you a nasty cold can catch one itself? It may comfort you to know that, yes, viruses can actually get sick. Even better, as karmic justice would have it, the culprits turn out to be other viruses.<\/p>\n

Viruses can get sick in the sense that their normal function is impaired. When a virus enters a cell, it can either\u00a0go dormant or start replicating right away<\/a>. When replicating, the virus essentially commandeers the molecular factory of the cell to make lots of copies of itself, then breaks out of the cell to set the new copies free.<\/p>\n

Sometimes a virus enters a cell only to find that its new temporary dwelling is already home to another dormant virus. Surprise, surprise. What follows is a battle for control of the cell that can be won by either party.<\/p>\n

But sometimes a virus will enter a cell to find a particularly nasty shock: a viral tenant waiting specifically to prey on the incoming virus.<\/p>\n

I am a\u00a0bioinformatician<\/a>, and\u00a0my laboratory<\/a>\u00a0studies the evolution of viruses. We frequently run into \u201cviruses of viruses,\u201d but we recently discovered something new: a virus that\u00a0latches onto the neck of another virus<\/a>.<\/p>\n

A world of satellites<\/strong><\/p>\n

Biologists have known of the existence of viruses that prey on other viruses \u2013 referred to as\u00a0viral \u201csatellites\u201d<\/a>\u00a0\u2013 for decades. In 1973, researchers studying bacteriophage P2, a virus that infects the gut bacterium\u00a0Escherichia coli<\/em>, found that this infection sometimes led to two different types of viruses emerging from the cell:\u00a0phage P2 and phage P4<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Bacteriophage P4 is a temperate virus, meaning it can integrate into the chromosome of its host cell and lie dormant. When P2 infects a cell already harboring P4, the latent P4 quickly wakes up and\u00a0uses the genetic instructions of P2<\/a>\u00a0to make hundreds of its own small viral particles. The unsuspecting P2 is lucky to replicate a few times, if at all. In this case, biologists refer to P2 as a \u201chelper\u201d virus, because the satellite P4 needs P2\u2019s genetic material to replicate and spread.<\/p>\n

Subsequent research has shown that most bacterial species have a\u00a0diverse set of satellite-helper systems<\/a>, like that of P4-P2. But viral satellites are not limited to bacteria. Shortly after the largest known virus, mimivirus, was discovered in 2003, scientists also found its\u00a0satellite, which they named Sputnik<\/a>.\u00a0Plant viral satellites<\/a>\u00a0that lurk in plant cells waiting for other viruses are also widespread and can have\u00a0important effects on crops<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Viral arms race<\/strong><\/p>\n

Although researchers have found satellite-helper viral systems in pretty much\u00a0every domain of life<\/a>, their importance to biology remains underappreciated. Most obviously, viral satellites have a direct impact on their \u201chelper\u201d viruses, typically maiming them but\u00a0sometimes making them more efficient killers<\/a>. Yet that is probably the least of their contributions to biology.<\/p>\n

Satellites and their helpers are also engaged in an\u00a0endless evolutionary arms race<\/a>. Satellites evolve new ways to exploit helpers and helpers evolve countermeasures to block them. Because both sides are viruses, the results of this internecine war necessarily include something of interest to people: antivirals.<\/p>\n

Recent work indicates that many antiviral systems thought to have evolved in bacteria, like the CRISPR-Cas9 molecular scissors used in gene editing, may have\u00a0originated in phages and their satellites<\/a>. Somewhat ironically, with their high turnover and mutation rates, helper viruses and their satellites turn out to be\u00a0evolutionary hot spots for antiviral weaponry<\/a>. Trying to outsmart each other, satellite and helper viruses have come up with an unparalleled array of antiviral systems for researchers to exploit.<\/p>\n

MindFlayer and MiniFlayer<\/strong><\/p>\n

Viral satellites have the potential to transform how researchers understand antiviral strategies, but there is still a lot to learn about them. In our recent work, my collaborators and I describe a satellite bacteriophage completely unlike previously known satellites, one that has evolved a\u00a0unique, spooky lifestyle<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Undergraduate phage hunters<\/a>\u00a0at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County isolated a\u00a0satellite phage called MiniFlayer<\/a>\u00a0from the soil bacterium\u00a0Streptomyces scabiei<\/em>. MiniFlayer was found in close association with a helper virus called\u00a0bacteriophage MindFlayer<\/a>\u00a0that infects the\u00a0Streptomyces<\/em>\u00a0bacterium. But further research revealed that MiniFlayer was no ordinary satellite.<\/p>\n

MiniFlayer is the first satellite phage known to have lost its ability to lie dormant. Not being able to lie in wait for your helper to enter the cell poses an important challenge to a satellite phage. If you need another virus to replicate, how do you guarantee that it makes it into the cell around the same time you do?<\/p>\n

MiniFlayer addressed this challenge with evolutionary aplomb and horror-movie creativity. Instead of lying in wait, MiniFlayer has gone on the offensive. Borrowing from both \u201cDracula\u201d and \u201cAlien,\u201d this satellite phage\u00a0evolved a short appendage<\/a>\u00a0that allows it to latch onto its helper\u2019s neck like a vampire. Together, the unwary helper and its passenger travel in search of a new host, where the viral drama will unfold again. We don\u2019t yet know how MiniFlayer subdues its helper, or whether MindFlayer has evolved countermeasures.<\/p>\n

If the recent pandemic has taught us anything, it is that our\u00a0supply of antivirals is rather limited<\/a>. Research on the complex, intertwined and at times predatory nature of viruses and their satellites, like the ability of MiniFlayer to attach to its helper\u2019s neck, has the potential to open new avenues for antiviral therapy.<\/p>\n

This article was originally published on\u00a0<\/em>The Conversation<\/em><\/a>. Read the\u00a0<\/em>original article<\/em><\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]\u00a9 2023 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, A DIVISION OF SPRINGER NATURE AMERICA, INC.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

About the Author(s)<\/h3>\n

IVAN ERILL is a Professor of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore County.<\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”1\/4″ css=”.vc_custom_1538657003956{padding-top: 0px !important;padding-bottom: 0px !important;}”][vc_custom_heading text=”ISSUES” font_container=”tag:h3|font_size:12px|text_align:left|color:%23333333|line_height:18px” use_theme_fonts=”yes” el_class=”titlewidget”][vc_column_text el_class=”columnflex” css=”.vc_custom_1664404002021{margin-bottom: 40px !important;}”]

October 2023<\/a><\/p>\r\n

September 2023<\/a><\/p>\r\n

August 2023<\/a><\/p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_custom_heading text=”OTHER ARTICLES IN THIS ISSUE” font_container=”tag:h3|font_size:12px|text_align:left|color:%23333333|line_height:18px” use_theme_fonts=”yes” el_class=”titlewidget” css=”.vc_custom_1674576179369{margin-bottom: 15px !important;}”][vc_basic_grid post_type=”post” max_items=”-1″ style=”load-more” items_per_page=”4″ element_width=”12″ orderby=”rand” item=”538″ grid_id=”vc_gid:1700482261428-c4b193193cbdb063d05d604938fbecc9-3″ taxonomies=”33″][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Have you ever wondered whether the virus that gave you a nasty cold can catch one itself? It may comfort you to know that, yes, viruses can actually get sick. ...more<\/a>","protected":false},"author":29,"featured_media":3036,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[33,30],"class_list":{"0":"post-3020","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-science-connect","8":"tag-november-2023","9":"tag-scientific-american"},"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nScientists Discover First-Ever Vampire Virus Latched to Neck of \u2018MindFlayer\u2019 - SH migration<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"noindex, nofollow\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Scientists Discover First-Ever Vampire Virus Latched to Neck of \u2018MindFlayer\u2019 - SH migration\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Have you ever wondered whether the virus that gave you a nasty cold can catch one itself? 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