{"id":3014,"date":"2023-11-17T12:02:27","date_gmt":"2023-11-17T12:02:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/springerhealthcare.nl\/france\/?p=3014"},"modified":"2023-11-17T13:47:39","modified_gmt":"2023-11-17T13:47:39","slug":"why-the-life-expectancy-gap-between-men-and-women-is-growing","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/springerhealthplus.nl\/shmigrate\/why-the-life-expectancy-gap-between-men-and-women-is-growing\/","title":{"rendered":"Why the Life Expectancy Gap between Men and Women Is Growing"},"content":{"rendered":"

[vc_row full_width=”stretch_row” content_placement=”middle” css=”.vc_custom_1663187695627{padding-bottom: 37px !important;background-image: url(http:\/\/springerhealthcare.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2022\/09\/science_connect_back.png?id=2486) !important;background-position: center !important;background-repeat: no-repeat !important;background-size: cover !important;}” el_class=”sciencetitle”][vc_column][vc_custom_heading text=”Science Connect” font_container=”tag:h2|text_align:left|color:%23ffffff” use_theme_fonts=”yes” link=”url:https%3A%2F%2Fspringerhealthcare.nl%2Ffrance%2Fscience-connect-november-2023%2F”][vc_column_text css=”.vc_custom_1663186747780{margin-bottom: 40px !important;}”]A Springer Healthcare Initiative For Pharma Professionals<\/span>[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]NOVEMBER 2023
\n<\/span>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css=”.vc_custom_1538651642953{padding-top: 75px !important;}”][vc_column width=”3\/4″ css=”.vc_custom_1538657061395{border-right-width: 1px !important;padding-top: 0px !important;border-right-color: #8faec1 !important;border-right-style: solid !important;}”][vc_custom_heading source=”post_title” font_container=”tag:h1|font_size:40px|text_align:left|line_height:60px” google_fonts=”font_family:Merriweather%3Aregular%2Citalic|font_style:700%20regular%3A700%3Anormal” el_class=”title” css=”.vc_custom_1664358136969{margin-bottom: 30px !important;}”][vc_column_text css=”.vc_custom_1686833173052{padding-bottom: 0px !important;}”]Women are outliving men by nearly six years\u2014and COVID and drug overdoses are a major cause, according to a new report<\/strong><\/span>[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text el_class=”intro-box”]By LORI YOUMSHAJEKIAN<\/span>[\/vc_column_text]

\"why-the-life-expectancy-gap-between-men-and-women-is-growing\" <\/div> <\/div>[vc_column_text css=”.vc_custom_1689357004274{margin-bottom: 30px !important;}” el_class=”sc-img-caption”] Credit: Fahroni\/Getty Images[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]

Women have outlived men for more than a century in the U.S. Demographers have largely attributed this well-known statistical gap to differences in behaviors in areas such as smoking and drinking habits, risk of injury and drug use. Overall U.S. life expectancy had been slowly improving for decades, but data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u00a0show some of this progress has recently been overturned<\/a>\u2014especially among men.<\/p>\n

In 2010 women were projected to live 4.8 years longer than men. By 2021 this gap widened to 5.8 years, the largest disparity since 1996. During the 20th century, heart disease was the main cause of death that created the difference in life expectancy among women and men. But now\u00a0COVID fatalities and a growing number of drug overdoses among men<\/a>\u00a0are to blame, according to a new analysis of CDC data published in\u00a0JAMA Internal Medicine<\/em>. (The report designated gender based on binary gender data that were recorded in death certificates.)<\/p>\n

A greater number of COVID deaths among men\u2014influenced by a higher burden of comorbidities, differences in health behaviors and employment in higher-risk industries\u2014was a big part of the \u201cdeeply troubling\u201d drop in life expectancy and widening gender gap, says Philip Cohen, a professor of sociology at the University of Maryland, who was not involved in the study. \u201cBut this report underscores some underlying public health problems that also disproportionately affect men, especially drug overdoses, suicide and other violence.\u201d<\/p>\n

Before the pandemic, in the years between 2010 and 2019, the largest contributor to the gap was the category of unintentional injuries\u2014mostly drug overdoses but also transport-related injuries such as car accidents. Other factors included rising rates of diabetes, suicides, homicides and heart disease. All of these increased the life expectancy gap by 0.23 year.<\/p>\n

The most substantial change in projected life expectancy at birth occurred between 2019 and 2021: the onset of the COVID pandemic. Death from the widespread illness was a major factor in decreasing men\u2019s average life expectancy to 73.2 years in this period, compared with 79.1 years in women. This was on top of already higher rates of death from unintentional injuries\u2014which were, again, overwhelmingly drug overdoses.<\/p>\n

The discrepancy is \u201cunsettling,\u201d says Brandon Yan, lead author of the new analysis. Overall life expectancy has been declining since COVID\u2014from 78.8 years in 2019 to 76.1 years in 2021\u2014\u201cwhich is concerning in and of itself,\u201d says Yan, a resident physician at the University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, and a research collaborator at the Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health.<\/p>\n

Yan and his colleagues were initially surprised that men had a disproportionate COVID mortality burden. \u201cPart of the [reason] is men, on average, are sicker than women\u201d when they contract COVID, he says.<\/p>\n

Sarah Richardson, who directs the GenderSci Lab at Harvard University and was not involved in the study, says the findings were consistent with her previous research that found a small increase in COVID mortality among men, compared with women. \u201cSo the results are not surprising from that perspective,\u201d Richardson says. The trend was even more pronounced in younger populations, she adds.<\/p>\n

Deaths at a younger age have an exaggerated effect on life expectancy calculations, says Elizabeth Wrigley-Field, an associate professor of sociology at the University of Minnesota, who did not participate in the recent research. Most people who die from opioid overdose, for example, should have had decades left to live, she says. \u201cThat’s why each of those deaths can really affect the population life span or life expectancy in a meaningful way,\u201d Wrigley-Field adds, \u201cmore so than for causes of death that tend to kill people at much older ages.\u201d<\/p>\n

The gender gap was slightly offset by improvements in cancer survival rates in men, as well as worsening rates of maternal deaths\u2014a growing public health problem nationwide. \u201cIt’s similarly something that has a profound, disproportionate impact on life expectancy,\u201d Wrigley-Field says, \u201cbecause the women are at a relatively young age, when they should have had many decades to live.\u201d<\/p>\n

Previous research<\/a>\u00a0has attributed biological factors, such as a more robust immune system, to women\u2019s relative longevity. But this cannot explain such a significant change in life expectancy in the span of the analysis from 2010 to 2021, Yan says. The changes over such a short period come down to increasing rates of chronic disease burden among men and the worsening mental health crisis, he says.<\/p>\n

The reason why COVID and overdose-related mortality had worsened to such an extent among men might have to do with occupation and health care access, Richardson says. She adds that masculinity norms and pressures may prevent some men from complaining that they\u2019re in pain or in need of care. \u201cIt is much less likely for men to appear for care before a situation is very acute, and so they have poorer outcomes,\u201d she says. Yan adds that risk factors such as being unhoused or\u00a0working in construction or agriculture<\/a>\u2014both situations in which men constitute the overwhelming majority\u2014have been associated with increased exposure to COVID.<\/p>\n

Donald Miller, an epidemiologist at the Boston University School of Public Health and a co-author of the new analysis, says persuading more older men to get vaccinations would improve the life expectancy trend. But, he adds, \u201cthe bigger challenge is younger men.\u201d More research into the reasons behind men\u2019s riskier health behaviors is needed to develop better interventions for drug misuse, violence and suicide. Cohen says preventative care, mental health care and earlier detection would help alleviate these areas.<\/p>\n

The recent analysis used death certificate data, which lack specificity beyond a binary gender classification. The report also didn\u2019t account for location, race or socioeconomic factors\u2014which Richardson says may reveal vast discrepancies among those subgroups. Her previous analysis of COVID deaths, for instance, showed mortality rates varied significantly on a state-by-state level. Yan is awaiting the release of life expectancy data for 2022 later this month and hopes the additional information will help future studies on demographic factors that may influence the gender disparity.<\/p>\n

The trends that reflect more deaths among men and countervailing trends such as increased maternal mortality are happening in the U.S.\u2014which has a significantly higher overall mortality rate than its peer countries<\/a>, Wrigley-Field says. \u201cThe right starting point for asking why any particular group in the U.S. has such high mortality is to ask why the entire United States does,\u201d she says.<\/p>\n

The answer isn\u2019t simple; poverty, overwork, a lack of safety nets, a fragmented medical system and daily stressors could all play a role. But the truth is probably something like \u201call of the above,\u201d Wrigley-Field says.<\/p>\n

\u201cThese trends should be a wake-up call that we can’t coast along toward better and longer lives,\u201d Cohen says. \u201cWe need real, substantial and sustained attention to public health and health care in this country\u2014and we need it yesterday.\u201d<\/p>\n

IF YOU NEED HELP<\/h2>\n

If you or someone you know is struggling or having thoughts of suicide, help is available. Call or text the 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline at 988 or use the online\u00a0<\/em>Lifeline Chat<\/em><\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]\u00a9 2023 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, A DIVISION OF SPRINGER NATURE AMERICA, INC.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

About the Author(s)<\/h3>\n

LORI YOUMSHAJEKIAN is a New York City\u2013based science journalist covering health and the environment. She was previously a TV and video journalist at the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC), where she focused on pandemic policy and international news. In 2020 she won two journalism awards for her contributions to a campaign supporting the survivors of sexual assault. She is currently pursuing her master’s degree in science, health and environmental reporting at New York University. Follow Youmshajekian on X (formerly Twitter) @youmshajekian<\/a><\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”1\/4″ css=”.vc_custom_1538657003956{padding-top: 0px !important;padding-bottom: 0px !important;}”][vc_custom_heading text=”ISSUES” font_container=”tag:h3|font_size:12px|text_align:left|color:%23333333|line_height:18px” use_theme_fonts=”yes” el_class=”titlewidget”][vc_column_text el_class=”columnflex” css=”.vc_custom_1664404002021{margin-bottom: 40px !important;}”]

October 2023<\/a><\/p>\r\n

September 2023<\/a><\/p>\r\n

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