{"id":2911,"date":"2023-09-25T09:28:22","date_gmt":"2023-09-25T08:28:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/springerhealthcare.nl\/france\/?p=2911"},"modified":"2023-09-25T11:35:44","modified_gmt":"2023-09-25T10:35:44","slug":"mistranslation-of-newtons-first-law-discovered-after-nearly-300-years","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/springerhealthplus.nl\/shmigrate\/mistranslation-of-newtons-first-law-discovered-after-nearly-300-years\/","title":{"rendered":"Mistranslation of Newton\u2019s First Law Discovered after Nearly 300 Years"},"content":{"rendered":"

[vc_row full_width=”stretch_row” content_placement=”middle” css=”.vc_custom_1663187695627{padding-bottom: 37px !important;background-image: url(http:\/\/springerhealthcare.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2022\/09\/science_connect_back.png?id=2486) !important;background-position: center !important;background-repeat: no-repeat !important;background-size: cover !important;}” el_class=”sciencetitle”][vc_column][vc_custom_heading text=”Science Connect” font_container=”tag:h2|text_align:left|color:%23ffffff” use_theme_fonts=”yes” link=”url:https%3A%2F%2Fspringerhealthcare.nl%2Ffrance%2Fscience-connect-september-2023%2F”][vc_column_text css=”.vc_custom_1663186747780{margin-bottom: 40px !important;}”]A Springer Healthcare Initiative For Pharma Professionals<\/span>[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]SEPTEMBER 2023
\n<\/span>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css=”.vc_custom_1538651642953{padding-top: 75px !important;}”][vc_column width=”3\/4″ css=”.vc_custom_1538657061395{border-right-width: 1px !important;padding-top: 0px !important;border-right-color: #8faec1 !important;border-right-style: solid !important;}”][vc_custom_heading source=”post_title” font_container=”tag:h1|font_size:40px|text_align:left|line_height:60px” google_fonts=”font_family:Merriweather%3Aregular%2Citalic|font_style:700%20regular%3A700%3Anormal” el_class=”title” css=”.vc_custom_1664358136969{margin-bottom: 30px !important;}”][vc_column_text css=”.vc_custom_1686833173052{padding-bottom: 0px !important;}”]A new interpretation of Isaac Newton\u2019s writings clarifies what the father of classical mechanics meant in his first law of motion<\/strong><\/span>[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text el_class=”intro-box”]By Stephanie Pappas<\/span>[\/vc_column_text]

\"mistranslation-of-newtons-first-law-discovered-after-nearly-300-years\" <\/div> <\/div>[vc_column_text css=”.vc_custom_1689357004274{margin-bottom: 30px !important;}” el_class=”sc-img-caption”]A diagram from Isaac Newton\u2019s Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica. Credit: The Reading Room\/Alamy Stock Photo[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]

A subtle mistranslation of\u00a0Isaac Newton\u2019s<\/a>\u00a0first law of motion<\/a>\u00a0that flew under the radar for three centuries is giving new insight into what the\u00a0pioneering natural philosopher<\/a>\u00a0was thinking when he laid the foundations of classical mechanics.<\/p>\n

The first law of motion is often paraphrased as \u201cobjects in motion tend to stay in motion, and objects at rest tend to stay at rest.\u201d But the history of this rather obvious-seeming axiom about inertia is complicated. Writing in Latin in his 17th-century book\u00a0Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica,<\/em>\u00a0Newton said, \u201cEvery body perseveres in its state of being at rest or of moving uniformly straight forward, except insofar as it is compelled to change its state by the forces impressed.\u201d<\/p>\n

Throughout the centuries, many philosophers of science have interpreted this phrasing to be about bodies that don\u2019t have any forces acting upon them, says Daniel Hoek, a philosopher at Virginia Tech. For example, in 1965 Newton scholar Brian Ellis paraphrased him as saying, \u201cEvery body not subject to the action of forces continues in its state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line.\u201d But that\u2019s a bit puzzling, Hoek says, because there are no bodies in the universe that are free of external forces acting upon them. Why make a law about something that doesn\u2019t exist?<\/p>\n

In a recent paper\u00a0published in the journal\u00a0Philosophy of Science<\/em><\/a>, Hoek argued that Newton had no intention of using the first law to refer to imaginary, force-free bodies. Newton\u2019s use of the Latin for \u201cexcept insofar\u201d (nisi quatenus<\/em>) was meant not to specify that the law referred only to such bodies, he said, but to point out that motion only changes insofar as a force compels it to. In other words, Hoek wrote, a better paraphrase would refer to all bodies: \u201cEvery change in a body\u2019s state of motion is due to impressed forces.\u201d<\/p>\n

This difference might seem rather academic\u2014after all, Newton\u2019s theories have been superseded by\u00a0Albert Einstein\u2019s general theory of relativity<\/a>. But Einstein built upon Newton, says Robert DiSalle, a historian of the philosophy of physics at Western University in Ontario. And people have used misinterpretations of Newton\u2019s first law to argue that Einstein\u2019s and Newton\u2019s theories have fundamental philosophical disagreements, DiSalle says. In particular, there have been complaints that Newton\u2019s first law is circular. It says that force-free bodies move in straight lines or stay at rest, but how do you know that they\u2019re force-free? Well, it\u2019s because they move in straight lines or stay at rest.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe paper makes it easier to see why that point of view is wrong,\u201d DiSalle says. Not only did Newton not intend to make a law about imaginary force-free bodies, DiSalle says, but his contemporaries didn\u2019t interpret him that way, either. \u201cI think it\u2019s an interpretation that people thought up looking back,\u201d DiSalle says.<\/p>\n

Newton\u2019s further writings make it quite clear he meant his first law to refer to all bodies, not just theoretical force-free ones, says George Smith, a philosopher at Tufts University and an expert in Newton\u2019s writings. \u201cThe whole point of the first law is to infer the existence of the force,\u201d Smith says. At the time Newton was writing, he says, it was not at all taken for granted that objects required a force to move them about; there were all sorts of old theories about objects having their own animating power. Aristotle, for example, thought that heavenly bodies were made of a theoretical form of matter called aether and naturally moved in circles. Newton was rejecting all of these older ideas in his writing, Smith says, and pointing out that there is no such thing as an object upon which no forces are acting.<\/p>\n

The confusion over what Newton meant likely persisted because of a Latin-to-English translation made by Andrew Motte in 1729, after Newton\u2019s death, that used the word \u201cunless\u201d instead of \u201cexcept insofar.\u201d This was a subtle difference that nonetheless made it seem like Newton was talking about force-free bodies instead of explaining why all bodies react to forces, Hoek says. After this, people \u201cprobably, for the most part, did not go back to the original Latin,\u201d he says.*<\/p>\n

The new explanation is more complete, says Ram\u00f3n Barthelemy, a physics education researcher at the University of Utah. The words scientists use to convey their ideas can have a big impact on understanding, he says, especially for students. \u201cI think it\u2019s really fun that people are still out there talking about this,\u201d Barthelemy says. \u201cIt shows that there is still discussion…. Any time we can provide more opportunities for students to engage and see a different interpretation, that\u2019s an exciting way to get people involved in physics.\u201d<\/p>\n

*Editor\u2019s Note (9\/11\/23): This sentence was edited after posting to better reflect Daniel Hoek\u2019s comment about the English translation of Isaac Newton\u2019s first law of motion.<\/em><\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]\u00a9 2023 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, A DIVISION OF SPRINGER NATURE AMERICA, INC.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

About the Author(s)<\/h3>\n

Stephanie Pappas<\/strong>\u00a0is a freelance science journalist. She is based in Denver, Colo.<\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”1\/4″ css=”.vc_custom_1538657003956{padding-top: 0px !important;padding-bottom: 0px !important;}”][vc_custom_heading text=”ISSUES” font_container=”tag:h3|font_size:12px|text_align:left|color:%23333333|line_height:18px” use_theme_fonts=”yes” el_class=”titlewidget”][vc_column_text el_class=”columnflex” css=”.vc_custom_1664404002021{margin-bottom: 40px !important;}”]

October 2023<\/a><\/p>\r\n

September 2023<\/a><\/p>\r\n

August 2023<\/a><\/p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_custom_heading text=”OTHER ARTICLES IN THIS ISSUE” font_container=”tag:h3|font_size:12px|text_align:left|color:%23333333|line_height:18px” use_theme_fonts=”yes” el_class=”titlewidget” css=”.vc_custom_1674576179369{margin-bottom: 15px !important;}”][vc_basic_grid post_type=”post” max_items=”-1″ style=”load-more” items_per_page=”4″ element_width=”12″ orderby=”rand” item=”538″ grid_id=”vc_gid:1695376300406-57b29906-d9de-3″ taxonomies=”31″][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"A new interpretation of Isaac Newton\u2019s writings clarifies what the father of classical mechanics meant in his first law of motion. ...more<\/a>","protected":false},"author":29,"featured_media":2912,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[30,31],"class_list":{"0":"post-2911","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-science-connect","8":"tag-scientific-american","9":"tag-september-2023"},"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nMistranslation of Newton\u2019s First Law Discovered after Nearly 300 Years - 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