{"id":2787,"date":"2023-08-01T00:15:37","date_gmt":"2023-07-31T23:15:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/springerhealthcare.nl\/france\/?p=2787"},"modified":"2023-08-22T14:28:50","modified_gmt":"2023-08-22T13:28:50","slug":"thousands-of-scientists-are-cutting-back-on-twitter-seeding-angst-and-uncertainty","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/springerhealthplus.nl\/shmigrate\/thousands-of-scientists-are-cutting-back-on-twitter-seeding-angst-and-uncertainty\/","title":{"rendered":"Thousands of scientists are cutting back on Twitter, seeding angst and uncertainty"},"content":{"rendered":"

[vc_row full_width=”stretch_row” content_placement=”middle” css=”.vc_custom_1663187695627{padding-bottom: 37px !important;background-image: url(http:\/\/springerhealthcare.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2022\/09\/science_connect_back.png?id=2486) !important;background-position: center !important;background-repeat: no-repeat !important;background-size: cover !important;}” el_class=”sciencetitle”][vc_column][vc_custom_heading text=”Science Connect” font_container=”tag:h2|text_align:left|color:%23ffffff” use_theme_fonts=”yes” link=”url:https%3A%2F%2Fspringerhealthcare.nl%2Ffrance%2Fscience-connect-august-2023%2F”][vc_column_text css=”.vc_custom_1663186747780{margin-bottom: 40px !important;}”]A Springer Healthcare Initiative For Pharma Professionals<\/span>[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]AUGUST 2023
\n<\/span>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css=”.vc_custom_1538651642953{padding-top: 75px !important;}”][vc_column width=”3\/4″ css=”.vc_custom_1538657061395{border-right-width: 1px !important;padding-top: 0px !important;border-right-color: #8faec1 !important;border-right-style: solid !important;}”][vc_custom_heading source=”post_title” font_container=”tag:h1|font_size:40px|text_align:left|line_height:60px” google_fonts=”font_family:Merriweather%3Aregular%2Citalic|font_style:700%20regular%3A700%3Anormal” el_class=”title” css=”.vc_custom_1664358136969{margin-bottom: 30px !important;}”][vc_column_text css=”.vc_custom_1686833173052{padding-bottom: 0px !important;}”]A Nature<\/em> survey reveals scientists\u2019 reasons for leaving the social-media platform now known as X, and what they are doing to build and maintain a sense of community.<\/strong><\/span>[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text el_class=”intro-box”]By Myriam Vidal Valero<\/span>[\/vc_column_text][vc_single_image image=”2789″ img_size=”full” el_class=”hero-img”][vc_column_text css=”.vc_custom_1689357089674{margin-bottom: 30px !important;}”]Hundreds of respondents to a Nature<\/em> survey say they have left the platform formerly known as Twitter. Credit: David Paul Morris\/Bloomberg via Getty[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]

\n

Emilia Jarochowska joined Twitter in 2016 in the hope that it might help to enhance her career. She was finishing her PhD in palaeontology at the time, and felt that the platform would help her to connect with colleagues and find job opportunities. But that was, she says, before the platform became a \u201csea of bad trolls\u201d.<\/p>\n

Last December, after much consideration and several experiences of fighting misinformation on climate change and COVID-19, Jarochowska closed her account, feeling that her reputation could be at risk if she kept using the platform. She felt that Twitter was promoting provocative discourse over facts and encouraging a type of controversy that \u201cis not what scientists should be associated with\u201d, she says.<\/p>\n

A survey conducted by\u00a0Nature<\/em>\u00a0suggests that Jarochowska, now at Utrecht University in the Netherlands, is far from alone in curtailing her use of the platform. Since entrepreneur Elon Musk took control in October 2022, he has made a series of largely unpopular changes to Twitter, including cutting down on content moderation; ditching its \u2018blue-check\u2019 verification system in favour of one that grants paying members additional clout and privileges; charging money for access to data for research; limiting the number of tweets users can see; and abruptly changing the platform\u2019s name and familiar logo to simply \u2018X\u2019. His management has\u00a0left scientists reconsidering the value of X<\/a>, and many seem to be leaving.<\/p>\n

To get a better sense of how researchers are currently interacting with the site formerly known as Twitter,\u00a0Nature<\/em>\u00a0reached out to more than 170,000 scientists who were, or still are, users; nearly 9,200 responded. More than half reported that they have reduced the time they spend on the platform in the past six months and just under 7% have stopped using it altogether. Roughly 46% have joined other social-media platforms, such as Mastodon, Bluesky, Threads and TikTok.<\/p>\n

With this migration has come widespread uncertainty. Many academics worry that the changing social-media landscape is undoing some of the advances that Twitter helped to facilitate in diversity, equity and inclusion for academia.<\/p>\n

For example, Cristina Dorador, a microbial ecologist at the University of Antofagasta in Chile, says that Twitter helped her promote her research to her country and the world. Without a social-media platform that is as universal as Twitter, she worries that she and others won\u2019t have a lot of options to make their work more visible, and many researchers don\u2019t have the resources to keep up with the changes that X is making. \u201cI don\u2019t see a Latin American researcher paying to verify their account so people read what they\u2019re publishing,\u201d she says.<\/p>\n

For now, it\u2019s hard to predict what will become of X, but the changes are creating angst in the scientific community and challenging scientists and the academic establishment to redefine how they\u00a0share science and build community<\/a>. \u201cIf everybody disappears from Twitter, if it goes belly up or just becomes completely useless, I think that\u2019s going to limit the reach of some of my work,\u201d says Stuart Pearson, a coastal engineer at Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands. Although he has started to see people from his network leave or become less active, he\u2019s not ready to let go himself, because it took him years to gather followers and build his network. \u201cI can\u2019t say I\u2019m too eager to repeat that again.\u201d<\/p>\n

Why are they leaving?<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Nature<\/em>\u00a0obtained the e-mail addresses of thousands of scientists who were identified through a social-media research project as having tweeted about papers on which they were a corresponding author1<\/sup>. The survey from\u00a0Nature<\/em>\u00a0asked whether people had changed their use of Twitter in the past six months and why. The reasons respondents gave varied, but many of those who had markedly reduced or stopped their activity on X mentioned Musk\u2019s management of the platform. Many said that they had noticed an uptick in the amount of fake accounts, trolls and hate speech on the platform.<\/p>\n

\u017diga Malek, an environmental scientist at the Free University of Amsterdam, mentioned in the survey that he had started seeing a lot of \u201cstrange\u201d political far-right accounts espousing science denialism and racism in his feed. He has to block them constantly. \u201cTwitter has always been not so nice let\u2019s say, but it is a mess right now,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n

Researchers have found that, contrary to such public claims from Musk, hate speech increased after he took over2<\/sup>. Musk has\u00a0threatened to sue at least one group studying these trends<\/a>.<\/p>\n

A lot of experts and specialists are leaving the platform, says Timothy Caulfield, a law scholar and science communicator at the University of Alberta in Edmonton, Canada. \u201cIf that happens, are we just making room for a massive echo chamber that can spread misinformation in a way that is very harmful to society?\u201d<\/p>\n

X did not respond to\u00a0Nature<\/em>\u2019s request for comments.<\/p>\n

Where are they going?<\/strong><\/h2>\n

The most popular alternative social-media site that respondents mentioned opening accounts with was the free, open-source software platform Mastodon. Compared with X, Mastodon allows for better community moderation, says Rodrigo Costas, an information scientist at the Centre for Science and Technology Studies at Leiden University in the Netherlands, who has been studying scientists\u2019 use of Twitter since 2011. In February, he and Jonathan Dudek, a communications researcher also at the Centre for Science and Technology Studies, examined the Twitter profile information of 400,000 researchers \u2014 obtained for a previous research project3<\/sup>\u00a0\u2014 to see who was broadcasting their movement to other platforms. Roughly 3% of the profiles mention a Mastodon account, according to the researchers\u2019 preliminary analysis.<\/p>\n

Although it has been around for some seven years, Mastodon has a much smaller user base than do other social-media platforms. In\u00a0Nature<\/em>\u2019s survey, LinkedIn was the second most popular place for respondents to open new accounts, and Instagram, owned by Meta, was third. Threads, also owned by Meta and pitched as an alternative to X, had started just a few days before the survey was launched. It reportedly attracted 100 million users in its first five days, and was the fourth-most-popular platform among survey respondents, with about 1,000 people saying that they had joined (See \u2018Signs of dissatisfaction\u2019).<\/p>\n

\"Signs
<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The proliferation of platforms has created a fragmented landscape for science communication and community, says Inger Mewburn, an education and technology researcher at the Australian National University in Canberra. One of the advantages of Twitter was that it was the main platform where researchers could go to find specific information. \u201cPeople would just go to that hashtag and they\u2019d see everyone who was talking about a very particular interest,\u201d she says. Now, researchers need to hop from application to application following specific communities and individuals. \u201cIt\u2019s just hard to know where people are hanging out,\u201d Mewburn says.<\/p>\n

Some researchers are trying to stick around. Malek says that, for the time being, he will continue using X to promote his work; he published a paper on land degradation in Asia in July and he\u2019s working on another one about livestock grazing in Europe that he also hopes to promote through X. But a lot of the people that he follows have left and he\u2019s not sure how much longer he will continue.<\/p>\n

What is being lost?<\/strong><\/h2>\n

There is still no consensus on whether X will survive its current chaotic management. In July, Musk announced the company is running on a \u201cnegative cash flow\u201d because it has lost 50% of its advertisement revenue. And a lawsuit against the company is claiming it owes US$500 million in severance benefits to former employees.<\/p>\n

Many scientists lament what is being lost in the process.<\/p>\n

One of the benefits of Twitter was how it created a sense of community for scientists, particularly for those from under-represented groups. It gave\u00a0a voice to female researchers<\/a>\u00a0about issues such as harassment and unequal pay, and served as an organizing point\u00a0for scientists of colour to speak out<\/a>\u00a0against inequity. Scientists could discuss suspicions of research fraud, often anonymously, and because many journalists used the platform, people who might otherwise have been ignored sometimes got results. Dorador says that Twitter helped to raise awareness and accountability for concepts such as scientific colonialism and gender and sexual diversity.<\/p>\n

The\u00a0dynamics of networks on Twitter<\/a>\u00a0were also of great interest to researchers. Unlike many other social networks, Twitter had, until recently, an open application programming interface (API) that allowed scientists to explore how people interacted with the platform and with one another, leading to studies on how users were discussing climate change, how people with autism were using it to be heard and the patterns of account suspensions relating to Russia\u2019s invasion of Ukraine, among other things.<\/p>\n

In February, the platform\u00a0announced that it would close the free access to its API<\/a>, although the change didn\u2019t come into effect until the end of June. Since then, research on misinformation, disaster responses and social dynamics on the Internet has been halted or hampered. Costas and Dudek, for example, don\u2019t have free access to new data to further their research on how users engage with science and create communities. They now have to rely on information from previous analyses. \u201cThere\u2019s still so many things that I would like to do,\u201d Dudek says.<\/p>\n

He and Costas also worry that these changes will halt their collaborations with other scientists in the field. \u201cThe way academics could access Twitter also created a nice framework for sharing data,\u201d Costas says. Now, someone who pays to access X data will not be able to share it with others to do complementary research or replicate findings unless the other team also pays, he says.<\/p>\n

What happens next?<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Whether X will manage to regain its attractiveness to scientists, or whether some other social-media platform will grow into its space, is unclear. Mewburn doesn\u2019t see the loss of Twitter as a fatal blow to the scientific enterprise. \u201cI don\u2019t think science has become overly dependent on social media,\u201d she says. Scientists might find it more difficult to network and build their careers, especially if they don\u2019t have the money to go to conferences, but she expects that people will come up with creative new ideas.<\/p>\n

Jarochowska suggests that scientists focus on organizing webinars, building networks to share data and methods, and finding original ways to stand out. In some ways, she\u2019s glad to have put Twitter behind her. \u201cIf you appear with your scientific contents between videos of cats,\u201d she says, \u201cit\u2019s not a particularly good medium for promoting yourself professionally, anyway\u201d.<\/p>\n

Mark Carrigan, a digital sociologist at the Manchester Institute for Education, UK, argues that the idea that Twitter helped democratize academia \u201cwas a bit simplistic\u201d because social media created a space where academic celebrities thrived. Even when it helped to diversify science, he says, it did so through the reinforcement of the same kinds of hierarchy. \u201cRewards flow to those who are known, valued and heard while those who are unknown, unvalued and unheard struggle to increase their standing,\u201d he wrote in a 2019 article.<\/p>\n

He now emphasizes that conventional networking organizations should be eyeing this as an opportunity. Professional associations, societies, study groups, research networks, research centres and laboratories have a responsibility to curate and support their own networks, he says. \u201cI\u2019m 99% convinced that Twitter, as we know it, is dead, and the sooner academics accept that, the better, in terms of finding solutions to these problems.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Nature<\/em>\u00a0620<\/strong>, 482-484 (2023)<\/p>\n

doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/d41586-023-02554-0<\/em><\/p>\n

REFERENCES<\/h2>\n
    \n
  1. Arroyo-Machado, W., Torres-Salinas, D. & Robinson-Garcia, N. Preprint in\u00a027 Int. Conf. Sci. Tech. Inn. Ind.<\/i>\u00a0(2023).<\/li>\n
  2. Hickey, D.\u00a0et al.<\/i>\u00a0Proc. Int. AAAI Conf. Web Soc. Media<\/i>\u00a017<\/b>, 1133\u20131137 (2023).<\/li>\n
  3. Mongeon, P., Bowman, T. D. & Costas, R.\u00a0Quant. Sci. Stud.<\/i>\u00a04<\/b>, 314\u2013324 (2023).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]\u00a9 2023 Springer Nature Limited.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”1\/4″ css=”.vc_custom_1538657003956{padding-top: 0px !important;padding-bottom: 0px !important;}”][vc_custom_heading text=”ISSUES” font_container=”tag:h3|font_size:12px|text_align:left|color:%23333333|line_height:18px” use_theme_fonts=”yes” el_class=”titlewidget”][vc_column_text el_class=”columnflex” css=”.vc_custom_1664404002021{margin-bottom: 40px !important;}”]

    October 2023<\/a><\/p>\r\n

    September 2023<\/a><\/p>\r\n

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