{"id":2748,"date":"2023-08-01T00:10:19","date_gmt":"2023-07-31T23:10:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/springerhealthcare.nl\/france\/?p=2748"},"modified":"2023-08-22T14:17:17","modified_gmt":"2023-08-22T13:17:17","slug":"ai-could-quickly-screen-thousands-of-antibiotics-to-tackle-superbugs","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/springerhealthplus.nl\/shmigrate\/ai-could-quickly-screen-thousands-of-antibiotics-to-tackle-superbugs\/","title":{"rendered":"AI Could Quickly Screen Thousands of Antibiotics to Tackle Superbugs"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wpb-content-wrapper\"><p>[vc_row full_width=&#8221;stretch_row&#8221; content_placement=&#8221;middle&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1663187695627{padding-bottom: 37px !important;background-image: url(http:\/\/springerhealthcare.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2022\/09\/science_connect_back.png?id=2486) !important;background-position: center !important;background-repeat: no-repeat !important;background-size: cover !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;sciencetitle&#8221;][vc_column][vc_custom_heading text=&#8221;Science Connect&#8221; font_container=&#8221;tag:h2|text_align:left|color:%23ffffff&#8221; use_theme_fonts=&#8221;yes&#8221; link=&#8221;url:https%3A%2F%2Fspringerhealthcare.nl%2Ffrance%2Fscience-connect-august-2023%2F&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1663186747780{margin-bottom: 40px !important;}&#8221;]<span style=\"color: #ffffff; font-size: 24px; line-height: 29px;\">A Springer Healthcare Initiative For Pharma Professionals<\/span>[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]<span style=\"color: #ee7d11; font-size: 28px; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: 2px;\">AUGUST 2023<br \/>\n<\/span>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1538651642953{padding-top: 75px !important;}&#8221;][vc_column width=&#8221;3\/4&#8243; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1538657061395{border-right-width: 1px !important;padding-top: 0px !important;border-right-color: #8faec1 !important;border-right-style: solid !important;}&#8221;][vc_custom_heading source=&#8221;post_title&#8221; font_container=&#8221;tag:h1|font_size:40px|text_align:left|line_height:60px&#8221; google_fonts=&#8221;font_family:Merriweather%3Aregular%2Citalic|font_style:700%20regular%3A700%3Anormal&#8221; el_class=&#8221;title&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1664358136969{margin-bottom: 30px !important;}&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1686833173052{padding-bottom: 0px !important;}&#8221;]<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>As the threat of antibiotic resistance increases, new antibiotics are imperative\u2014and AI could widen the pipeline<\/strong><\/span>[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text el_class=&#8221;intro-box&#8221;]<span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\">By Jaimie Seaton<\/span>[\/vc_column_text]<div class=\"thegem-te-post-featured-image featured-image--default featured-image--left hero-img thegem-custom-6a3251baea6213484\"> <div class=\"post-featured-image\"> <img src=\"https:\/\/springerhealthplus.nl\/shmigrate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2023\/07\/BE55598B-E06A-4E8D-ACB8709668D7B400_source.webp\" width=\"590\" height=\"393\" class=\"img-responsive\" alt=\"ai-could-quickly-screen-thousands-of-antibiotics-to-tackle-superbugs\" > <\/div> <\/div>[vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1689357052532{margin-bottom: 30px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;sc-img-caption&#8221;] Credit: Just_Super\/Getty Images[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]<p>Developing new antibiotics presents a complicated challenge, but scientists are now using artificial intelligence to design new drugs to address the problem. In May researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and McMaster University published a study on their\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/news.mit.edu\/2023\/using-ai-scientists-combat-drug-resistant-infections-0525#:~:text=drug%2Dresistant%20infections-,Using%20AI%2C%20scientists%20find%20a%20drug%20that%20could%20combat%20drug,lurks%20in%20many%20hospital%20settings.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">use of an AI algorithm to identify an antibiotic<\/a>\u00a0that can kill a particularly resistant type of bacterium. The pathogen, called\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hai\/organisms\/acinetobacter.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Acinetobacter baumannii<\/em><\/a><em>,<\/em>\u00a0can lead to serious infections, including meningitis and pneumonia, and is often found in hospital settings. It\u2019s also a leading cause of infections in military personnel in the Middle East.<\/p>\n<p>The findings are significant because they show how AI can be used to hasten the development of new antibiotics to fight drug-resistant bacteria. Using AI and machine learning\u2014the subset of AI that involves using algorithms to find patterns in data\u2014dramatically reduces the number of experiments that humans would need to screen a potential drug for efficacy. It also greatly reduces the cost because the computer modeling weeds out compounds that aren\u2019t promising.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/antibiotic-resistance\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Antibiotic resistance<\/a>, the phenomenon in which bacteria become resistant to the drugs used to treat them, is a growing threat that could cause up to\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.unep.org\/explore-topics\/chemicals-waste\/what-we-do\/emerging-issues\/antimicrobial-resistance-global-threat\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">10 million deaths annually by 2050<\/a>. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that in 2019 alone 1.27 million people died globally from drug-resistant bacterial infections.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWe need new antibiotics because we\u2019re facing a crisis due to the fact that the number of resistant bacterial pathogens is growing while our pipeline of new antibiotics is diminishing,\u201d says James Collins, a professor at M.I.T.\u2019s Institute for Medical Engineering &amp; Science and co-senior author of the new study. \u201cThe former is arising due to numerous factors\u2014largely the overuse and misuse of antibiotics, both in health care and in agriculture. And the latter is largely caused by a broken economic market for antibiotics.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Antibiotic development presents something of a catch-22. The\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/AAC.02057-19\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cost of developing a new antibiotic is enormous<\/a>; it\u2019s on par with the cost of developing a new cancer drug. But unlike cancer drugs, which can be taken for months or even years, antibiotics are usually taken for a relatively short period of time and often just for a single infection. Because of stewardship programs designed to decrease antibiotic resistance, any new antibiotic is likely to be reserved by health care workers until it\u2019s really needed. And long drug approval periods and the widespread availability of generic drugs mean that there is little financial incentive for drug companies to develop new antibiotics.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThere is a real market failure in the antibiotic space, in the antimicrobial space\u2014and I&#8217;d include some antifungal medicines in that bucket as well,\u201d says\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/catalyst.phrma.org\/author\/jocelyn-ulrich\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jocelyn Ulrich<\/a>, deputy vice president for policy and research at the industry group Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA). She points out that antibiotic resistance is a naturally occurring phenomenon and that the only ways to control it are to use tools, such as those for\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/infection-prevention-and-control#tab=tab_1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">infection prevention and control<\/a>, to slow down the use of new products.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWe have seen the number of companies, especially the larger companies, decline from 20 or so down to just a handful who are still even in the space,\u201d Ulrich says. \u201cAnd as a result, we have a much smaller pipeline of novel therapeutics coming through.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Scientists are hoping to change that. In the recent study, Collins and his fellow researchers exposed\u00a0<em>A. baumannii<\/em>\u00a0to thousands of potential drug compounds to see which of them blocked the pathogen\u2019s growth. They used those data to train a computer model to predict a compound\u2019s antibacterial activity based on its structure.<\/p>\n<p>The team used the model to analyze 6,680 compounds in just a few hours\u2014a process that would have taken a few weeks without AI. The analysis narrowed the batch down to a few hundred possibilities\u2014240 of which Collins and his colleagues tested in the lab. Among these, the researchers identified nine antibiotics, including one that was effective at killing\u00a0<em>A. baumannii<\/em>. Importantly, the compound is \u201cnarrow spectrum,\u201d meaning it doesn\u2019t kill other species of bacteria. This is beneficial because it reduces the chance of other bacteria spreading resistance against the drug and does not compromise the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4290017\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">gut\u2019s overall microbiome<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Collins explains that the new drug, named abaucin, works by disrupting the bacterium\u2019s protective outer layer, the cell membrane. In tests on mice, it was effective against wound infections caused by\u00a0<em>A. baumannii<\/em>. Abaucin also worked against a number of drug-resistant strains of\u00a0<em>A. baumannii<\/em>\u00a0that had been isolated from human samples and subsequently grown in the lab.<\/p>\n<p>Collins\u2019s team used the computer model to test thousands of compounds. \u201cNow imagine you want to go from [testing] thousands to many billions of molecules,\u201d he says. \u201cIt would be effectively impossible [for humans] to curate, purchase and test all of those molecules. And yet for billions of compounds, it still only takes several days to analyze with AI. So we are able to explore much, much larger chemical spaces that really would not be available to us without these computer models.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cI think these tools have the potential to speed many aspects of the drug development process, but it\u2019s early days,\u201d Ulrich says. \u201cWhenever we have really large data sets and can very efficiently analyze that data, that\u2019s certainly time-saving.\u201d But she notes that the findings are only in animal models. \u201cYou still have to do all the work to develop that compound into something that can be metabolized in the human body, and they need to do thorough clinical trials and other things,\u201d she says. \u201cI\u2019d say there\u2019s immense potential and immense excitement around some of these tools.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Aleksandra Mojsilovi\u0107 is an IBM fellow and head of AI Foundations at IBM Research. She has been instrumental in research showing how AI can be used to develop new therapeutics and has co-authored a paper showing how\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/research.ibm.com\/blog\/ai-finds-new-peptides\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">IBM\u2019s AI system could help accelerate the processes of finding new antibiotics<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Mojsilovi\u0107 agrees that AI can accelerate research by reducing the time it takes to search thousands or millions of compounds. \u201cBut it can go way beyond that,\u201d she says. \u201cYou can train the models to actually predict properties of existing molecules quickly, which allows you to screen or predict how good the molecule is, or identify the unknown properties, such as toxicity.\u201d Additionally, with generative AI, computer models can be trained on the existing molecules to learn their \u201crepresentation,\u201d or characteristics, Mojsilovi\u0107 says. Researchers can then design molecules that have never been seen before in nature.<\/p>\n<p>In response to the market challenges in developing new antimicrobial drugs, in 2021 U.S. senators Michael F. Bennet of Colorado and Todd Young of Indiana introduced the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bennet.senate.gov\/public\/_cache\/files\/c\/2\/c2068e9f-8440-4960-86f4-acdd13145430\/513C16806B1E8526E9F919EA7A72A004.pasteur-act---one-pager-1-.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u00a0PASTEUR Act<\/a>\u00a0in Congress. The bipartisan bill would create an incentive program and government investment of $6 billion for the development of new antivirals and antibiotics\u2014and give the government unlimited access to the drugs once they\u2019re approved by the Food and Drug Administration. The bill was just\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.contagionlive.com\/view\/congress-reintroduces-the-pasteur-act\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reintroduced in April 2023<\/a>, after\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.contagionlive.com\/view\/240-organizations-cosigned-letter-to-congress-supporting-pasteur-act\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">more than 200 organizations<\/a>, including PhRMA, signed a letter in support of the act in March.<\/p>\n<p>If the bill passes, researchers will still be in a race against time to develop new antibiotics against the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8541462\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">most dangerous drug-resistant pathogens<\/a>\u2014and that\u2019s where AI could be critical. The\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/media\/167973\/download\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">FDA recently released a paper<\/a>\u00a0to facilitate discussion among developers, manufacturers, regulators, academic groups and other stakeholders on the use of AI and machine learning throughout the drug-development process.<\/p>\n<p>AI has been getting a lot of negative attention lately for the ways it could be misused, but it could also be a very powerful tool in helping us solve some of our most pressing challenges.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cI\u2019m very hopeful,\u201d Collins says. \u201cI think our AI tools, our technology platforms to discover, design and develop new antibiotics, are expanding with each year.\u201d<\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]\u00a9 2023 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, A DIVISION OF SPRINGER NATURE AMERICA, INC.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<h3>About the Author(s)<\/h3>\n<p><p><strong>Jaimie Seaton<\/strong>\u00a0is a journalist based in New England. Follow her on Twitter\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/jaimieseaton\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">@jaimieseaton<\/a><\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/4&#8243; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1538657003956{padding-top: 0px !important;padding-bottom: 0px !important;}&#8221;][vc_custom_heading text=&#8221;ISSUES&#8221; font_container=&#8221;tag:h3|font_size:12px|text_align:left|color:%23333333|line_height:18px&#8221; use_theme_fonts=&#8221;yes&#8221; el_class=&#8221;titlewidget&#8221;][vc_column_text el_class=&#8221;columnflex&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1664404002021{margin-bottom: 40px !important;}&#8221;]<p><a href=\"\/science-connect-october-2023\/\">October 2023<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><a href=\"\/science-connect-september-2023\/\">September 2023<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><a href=\"\/science-connect-august-2023\/\">August 2023<\/a><\/p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_custom_heading text=&#8221;OTHER ARTICLES IN THIS ISSUE&#8221; font_container=&#8221;tag:h3|font_size:12px|text_align:left|color:%23333333|line_height:18px&#8221; use_theme_fonts=&#8221;yes&#8221; el_class=&#8221;titlewidget&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1674576179369{margin-bottom: 15px !important;}&#8221;][vc_basic_grid post_type=&#8221;post&#8221; max_items=&#8221;-1&#8243; style=&#8221;load-more&#8221; items_per_page=&#8221;4&#8243; element_width=&#8221;12&#8243; orderby=&#8221;rand&#8221; item=&#8221;538&#8243; grid_id=&#8221;vc_gid:1692707974643-050d47da-246f-10&#8243; taxonomies=&#8221;28&#8243;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"As the threat of antibiotic resistance increases, new antibiotics are imperative\u2014and AI could widen the pipeline.<a class=\"more\" href=\"https:\/\/springerhealthplus.nl\/shmigrate\/ai-could-quickly-screen-thousands-of-antibiotics-to-tackle-superbugs\/\">  ...more<\/a>","protected":false},"author":29,"featured_media":2749,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[28,30],"class_list":["post-2748","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-science-connect","tag-august-2023","tag-scientific-american"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.8 - 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